In 1891 the constitution was amended with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique even today.
Modern History
Switzerland was not invaded by any one of the world wars. During the First World War, Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) and remained there until 1917 Swiss neutrality was seriously questions the Grimm-Hoffmann Affair in 1917, but he was short lived. In 1920 Switzerland joined the League, based in Geneva, provided that it was exempt from all military requirements.
During the Second World War plans, drawn up detailed invasion by the Germans,but did not attack Switzerland.Switzerland was able to become independent through a combination of
military ban, concessions to Germany, and luck as delaying major events
during the war of invasion.Under General Henri Guisan, ordered a massive mobilization of militia forces. Powered
by the Swiss military strategy from one of static defense at the
borders to protect the long-term organized economic Heartland attrition
and withdrawal to strong, good job stockpiling high in the Alps known by
Reduit. Switzerland
was an important base for espionage on both sides in the conflict and
often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.
An impediment to trade in Switzerland by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and credit expansion in the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached after a peak into a vital rail link through Vichy France in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by Axis. During the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross based in Geneva, an important role during the conflict. Tight immigration and asylum policy and financial ties with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the late 20th century. Even in the 21 century, some Swiss bank refused and still give up units of assets received from victims of Nazi persecution.
During
the war, employed by the Swiss Air Force aircraft from both sides,
shooting down 11 Luftwaffe aircraft penetrates May and June 1940, then
forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats
from Germany. More than 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned during the war. During
1944-45, Allied bombers mistakenly bombed a couple of places in
Switzerland, including the towns of Schaffhausen, Basel and Zurich.
After the war, government export credits through fund Schweizerspende Swiss charity and also donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe overcome, efforts that ultimately benefit the Swiss economy.
The women were given the vote in chantún first Swiss in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, and after the last opposition in Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (Landsgemeinde one of only two remaining) in 1990. Following the elections at the federal level women quickly rose in political significance, the first woman director on the seven-member Federal Council being Elisabeth Kopp, provided from 1984-1989,and was the first president Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 women.
Modern History
Switzerland was not invaded by any one of the world wars. During the First World War, Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) and remained there until 1917 Swiss neutrality was seriously questions the Grimm-Hoffmann Affair in 1917, but he was short lived. In 1920 Switzerland joined the League, based in Geneva, provided that it was exempt from all military requirements.
An impediment to trade in Switzerland by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and credit expansion in the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached after a peak into a vital rail link through Vichy France in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by Axis. During the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross based in Geneva, an important role during the conflict. Tight immigration and asylum policy and financial ties with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the late 20th century. Even in the 21 century, some Swiss bank refused and still give up units of assets received from victims of Nazi persecution.
After the war, government export credits through fund Schweizerspende Swiss charity and also donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe overcome, efforts that ultimately benefit the Swiss economy.
The women were given the vote in chantún first Swiss in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, and after the last opposition in Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (Landsgemeinde one of only two remaining) in 1990. Following the elections at the federal level women quickly rose in political significance, the first woman director on the seven-member Federal Council being Elisabeth Kopp, provided from 1984-1989,and was the first president Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 women.
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